Rafael Buelna

A boyish-looking Rafael Buelna as part of Carranza's staff (first row, second from right)

Rafael Buelna was an exception to the normal run of revolutionary leader, in his upbringing, intelligence and age. In June 1913 he was named chief of the Revolution in the south of Sinaloa and the territory of Tepic and dedicated himself to harassing the federal forces in that area. On 16 October 1913 his forces took Rosario, throwing out the Huertista forces that held the city, and because of the lack of funds, he issued his own paper money in denominations of 10c, 20c and 50c and $1, $5 and $20 (so there was probably also a $10 note).

Series A were of 'Del Territorio de Tepic' while later series were of 'Del Territorio de Tepic y del Estado de Sinaloa', either because Buelna extended his command or because questions arose about the legality of the notes within Sinaloa. In addition to Buelna’s printed signature these notes carry the signatures of either Francisco S. Rodríguez, Juan Jones S., P. León Cañedo or A. Rendón as Comisionado de Hacienda and L. Manga as Secretario.

Rafael Buelna Tenorio was born in Mocorito, Sinaloa on 23 May 1890. Having been expelled from a Jesuit high school in Culiacán, Sinaloa in 1909 for organizing student demonstrations against the Porfirian state governor, he worked as a cub reporter for the Mazatlán Correo de la Tarde and headed the local pro-Madero Club Democrático. In 1910 he fought in northeast Jalisco and was appointed Coronel and Secretario de Gobierno. During Madero’s presidency he went back to college but after the decena trágica took up arms again. While Alvaro Obregón was fighting his way down the west coast, Buelna and his faction managed to capture Tepic (again). In the same month that Riveros established his government in San Blas (June 1913), Rafael Buelna was named chief of the Revolution in the south of Sinaloa and the territory of Tepic. He dedicated himself to harassing the federal forces in that area. On 16 October 1913 his forces took Rosario, throwing out the Huertista forces that held the city. Buelna remained with Villa when the later split with Carranza. Following Villa’s defeat at the battle of León, and not ready to make his peace with Obregón, Buelna moved to the United States, where he could, at the very least, finish his studies. He returned to Mexico in 1919, still an opponent of Carranza and Obregón. He took part in the de la Huerta rebellion in 1923, dying from a bullet wound in Morelia, Michoacán on 23 January 1924 at the early age of 33.
Francisco S. Rodríguez
Juan Jones S.
P. León Cañedo
A. Rendón
L. Manga

To summarise:

On 28 February 1914 in his decree núm. 21, Carranza made the paper money issued by the Constitutionalist governments in the states of Sonora, Chihuahua, Sinaloa, Durango, Nuevo León and Tamaulipas, with his authorisation or approval, obligatory throughout the territory dominated by Constitutionalist forces but these primitive productions are unlikely to have travelled far and were probably not included. On 2 April Carranza, from Ciudad Juárez, wrote to Buelna, at the time visting Nogales, Sonora, in reply to a letter of 21 March, that as the new Constitutionalist notes were expected in a few days, he did not believe that Buelna needed to issue paper money in Tepic, since, as soon as the new issue arrived, he would let Buelna have enough money for his expenses^{AIF, RM/V 1-015}.

However, in January 1915 Carranza’s Secretaría de Hacienda again listed these notes amongst the Constitutionalist issues that had to be accepted in any form of payment as being of forced circulation^{El Correo de México, 21 January 1915; El Sol, Núm. 159, 22 January 1915; AQ, Fondo Poder Ejecutivo Sec 2ª Hacienda C-1 Año 1915 Exp. 144}.

The wily Obregón sought to limit Villa’s power but left Tepic out of his own plans to control Jalisco, effectively leaving Buelna as governor of what would, in 1917, become the state of Nayarit. After the Convention at Aguascalientes Buelna decided to support Villa and was nominated Comandante Militar of northern Jalisco, Tepic and the south of Sinaloa. In 1915 he authorised an issue of low-value notes (10c, 20c, 50c and $1) that carried the legend that they would be redeemed upon presentation in the Administración de Rentas of the territory.

The one peso note is dated 27 July 1915 and carries the signature of Juan de Dios Bátiz as the Coronel Chief of Staff (El Coronel Jefe del Estado Mayor) as well as the printed name of Buelna, as Jefe de la C. [Columna or Cuerpo?]

Juan de Dios Bátiz Paredes was born in Sataya, Sinaloa on 2 April 1890. He finished his studies at the Heroico Colegio Militar in Mexico City when he gained the title of Ingeniero Militar. In 1912 he fought against Orozco in Durango and Chihuahua and achieved the rank of Teniente Táctico de Artillería and later Capitán Primero but after Huerta’s coup d’état he joined the forces of his friend and fellow student Rafael Buelna, rapidly becoming a Coronel and the jefe del Estado Mayor of the Brigada Buelna. In 1915 when Buelna captured Tepic he was named Comandante Militar and Gobernador. When Villa split with Carranza he followed the former, alongside Buelna. After a spell of exile in El Paso from 1915 until 1918, Texas, he returned and worked in civil engineering. He also pursued a political career, serving progressively as Regidor in Culiacán, deputy in the state congress, federal deputy, governor of Sinaloa and senator, as well as holding several government posts. In 1936 he was the first director general of the Instituto Politécnico Nacional. On 7 October 1977 he was awarded the high honour of the Belisario Domínguez medal. He died in Mexico City on 20 May 1979.

There is another type of 50c note known, though it might be a more modern fantasy.

Acaponeta

Finally, another issue also carries Buelna’s name. This is a military issue, of the Pagaduría General of the Columna de Occidente, and is datelined Acaponeta, 1 August 1915 and is signed by de Dios Bátiz as Coronel Chief of Staff.

All these issues are simple affairs, showing that, unlike Obregón or Diéguez, Buelna did not have access to sophisticated printing presses.